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So far, the industry agreed that the lithium-ion batteries for electric cars is still the main way of energy reserves, but now have several companies began to consider using a super capacitor (ultracapacitor) lithium-ion battery products as a good additional equipment.

South Korea will be an electronics company Neescap Tuesday claimed that 9 million U.S. dollars will be invested to expand its transportation, electric power systems and consumer electronics products with super capacitor (ultracapacitor) the product capacity. In the United States and ability to design and manufacture of super-capacitor products and electrolyte materials needed for the company There GrapheneEnergy, EnerG2 and Ioxus 3. Another one EEStor companies by VCs KleinerPerkinsCaufield & Byers as the background, now the company has signed an electric car company Zenn super-capacitor supply agreement.

The more traditional batteries, super capacitors can store the electricity are not many. So at home Rechargeable (Plug-in) electric vehicles, such a capacitor can not serve as power supply equipment alone, but need to tie in with the fuel cell use. On the other hand, the super capacitor is also equipped with fast-diarrhea release energy stored in the ability. In addition, the capacitor charging time is very short, only takes a few seconds or minutes of time will be able to complete the charge, but charge several times the performance of there will not be reduced.

Capacitor current consumer electronics products have been used in digital cameras and other occasions, in order to flash this need momentary high-energy input of the device provides energy supply. According to experts, super capacitor the key issues facing the future is how to increase the kinds of capacitor voltage so that it can in the high-voltage environment.

According to Ioxus engineers said, the super capacitor is environmentally friendly energy, a good supplement can make batteries, fuel cells, solar or wind power generation, power supply would be more perfect. At the same time capacitor used in the production of such materials are also very environmentally friendly, the price Some are more readily accepted.

Super capacitor technology, the future development direction:

Massachusetts Institute of Technology computer electronic engineers JoelSchindall said that in the next few years, the super capacitor energy storage capacity will be a qualitative leap forward. The current super capacitor product discharge rate is 10 times that of traditional batteries, while the energy storage capacity in the volume of the same only the latter under the condition of 5%.

He said: “super-capacitor charge and discharge operations of certain frequent use of a great occasion, such as Brake Energy Recovery-type brake system (that is, five sets of F1 shows on CCAV all day nagging what Coles host system), This capacitance is very easy to use. Of course, this product is currently not yet a large scale to replace the batteries. ”

Over the past five years, Schindall led research team has been studying the super capacitor in the energy storage component - porous carbon material, replaced with another carbon nanotube conductive matrix material + energy storage components. Earlier this year they have been established to the FastCap companies, in order to the commercialization of research results.

Schindall said the super capacitor energy storage capacity of the product will eventually reach about 25% of the SONY VGP-BPS2 Battery. Massachusetts Institute of Technology developed at present out of nano-materials, energy storage capacity has reached twice the level of carbon materials. But the next few months, he led research team will be showing the kind of energy storage capacity is five times more activated carbon products.

Planting the seeds of electrolyte “missile”

According to the U.S. well-known science writer series of articles in the lithium batteries in the introduction, the vast majority of lithium battery explosion caused by a short circuit, and the specific reasons, including charging overvoltage / over-current use of aging.

Lithium battery manufacturing process, because the manufacturing process itself flawed, it is easy to be insulated in this between the two poles, leaving metal dust, copper foil, aluminum foil pieces. The angle is expected in the battery than the fever (more common in long-term use or charging), the like boiling water in a grain of rice, as in the electrolyte to make random thermal motion. If you happen to have the APPLE 15-INCH ALUMINUM POWERBOOK G4 SERIES Battery positive and negative particles or debris near the middle of the diaphragm level, it could create a divide perforation, triggering micro-short circuit. As the batteries are flammable organic electrolytes, micro-short-circuit may cause an explosion, burning and other accidents, generally have the following three cases:

1. Sparks ignited the electrolyte, and thus bring disaster to come into contact with plastic body and flammable, resulting in fire;

2. Was experiencing an increase of temperature caused by the battery, the battery inside the space is small, perhaps because of increased pressure to explode;

3. Batteries slower rise in temperature, the battery case to melt gradually, so that corrosive electrolyte leakage.

Lithium battery safety problems can not stop now, because then the advanced manufacturing technology, will inevitably lead to planting the seeds in the electrolyte “missile.” Should be noted that the formal sector of lithium battery production and sales have strict norms of acceptable quality lithium batteries, the number and size of debris have been controlled within a very small, very low risk of perforation of diaphragm; Battery Case also used flame-retardant material, is not prone to fire.

The explosion-proof lithium battery of measures

Lithium battery safety problems, the battery manufacturer, of course well aware, then what they used explosion-proof measures? Li-ion batteries for notebook computers, for example, its working principle is: Lithium batteries near full charge and discharge almost drained when the voltage drop, the control circuit detects this situation, notify the protection circuit cut off power supply to prevent overcharge or excessive discharge, so as not to shorten battery life.

The current notebook lithium batteries possess a more complete multi-level protection mechanism, even in the power charger, notebook computers unusual circumstances, the laptop battery can also be converted to automatic protection status, is generally not an explosion. But once the control circuit and protection circuit of the ability to work reduced hours, the battery on the verge of “dangerous” the. Mobile phones and other electronic products, lithium battery charge and discharge protection mechanisms, similar to this.

Do not need it “at arm’s length”

In recent years, lithium-ion electronic products explosions often found newspapers, aroused a lot of consumer panic, some people for their own mobile phones, MP3 charging often “at arm’s length”; also because of fear, simply a long-term will be cast aside laptop battery, cause scrap. However, survey results, the majority of lithium battery explosions are the result of the user pay attention to safety tips, such as unauthorized modification, use of non-matching charger, the battery placed in extreme environments such as making.

Should be pointed out that the lithium battery technology as a kind of after 30 years of study, has successfully commercialized the mature technology, its safety is guaranteed. Regular brands of lithium batteries at the factory will have been numerous Road test procedure after they are sold as well as information feedback mechanism in order to recall the product in question in time.

United States Transportation Security Administration (TSA) is given following the recommendations of the safe use of lithium batteries:

1. Using the original charger: Li-ion battery charging time is the high period of bombing. Than the original battery charger is compatible with the battery charger to ensure better security.

2. Use of a reliable battery: try to buy original batteries, not to save money to buy “second-hand goods”, such batteries may be through maintenance, and reliable than original batteries.

3. Do not place the TOSHIBA SATELLITE A105 SERIES Battery extreme environments: high temperature, collisions, etc. are all important causes of battery explosion, as far as possible so that the battery is in a stable environment, away from the high-temperature areas.

4. Do not try to modification: Many young people like their phones to “cosmetic”, but it was “bold but cautious” manner to transform mobile phone on their own. However, it can easily lead to improper modification accident. Mobile phone is a sophisticated communications equipment, in the design, manufacturers will have on its security, strictly textual research. After modification, the battery may be at not taking into account the environment before, an increase of security risks.

Use rechargeable batteries

Use rechargeable batteries for notebook computers, one of the relative advantages of the desktop, it can greatly facilitate a variety of environments the use of notebook computers. Introduced the first battery is nickel-cadmium batteries (NiCd), but this HP F4098A Battery has a “memory effect”, each charge shall be required before discharge, very easy to use, and soon was nickel-metal hydride battery (NiMH) replaced, NiMH not only failed to “memory effect”, but can make more per unit weight of 10% of the electricity. The most commonly used battery is lithium-ion battery (Li-Ion), it is also no “memory effect”, as compared with the NiMH per unit weight gain more power, the price twice as high than the NiMH. In the same weight, this three kinds battery is 1:1.2:1.9 ratio.

Notebook computer batteries currently used in three kinds of main categories: 1. Nickel-chromium batteries, 2. Ni-MH battery, 3. Lithium battery; they are generally expressed as: Ni-Cd NI-CD, Ni-MH NI-MH, Lithium-Ion battery LI.

The purchase or replace the battery when the laptop for many users, the “batteries” may be unfamiliar. The outset, batteries and battery are two concepts. A battery is composed of several slightly larger than the thumb, cylindrical, height of about 7,8 cm, voltage is 3.6v of small units. They are the batteries, just like a small battery, through the series combination, that is, we see the battery has. Then talk about how to determine if the battery is several cores:

One way: Disconnect the battery to the number of contacts to see him, there are a few of the tens of cores. But this is a “minister” approach. Let’s take a look at “Cao Chong” is how, “said the elephant”: the look of your battery nominal number of v, such as 14.4v, and then divided by 3.6 to be 4, then proved to be four batteries together in series. And then take a look at the capacity of the battery block, for example 3800mAh, then prove that the above mentioned two sets of batteries in series, because the small battery capacity is 1500-2000mAh, even more, to be two to reach 3800mAh. According to these two judgments, then the battery is 4 × 2 = 8 cores.

The composition of laptop battery

Laptop battery from shell, circuit boards and batteries, belonging to lithium-ion battery. People are talking about batteries in general refers to the number of batteries within the battery, mAh refers to the laptop battery capacity.

Mainly by the protection circuit board (or the secondary protection circuit), and the capacity of directed circuits of two parts, notebook battery charge and discharge and safety management.

Laptop battery standby time mainly by the mAh value to decide. Under normal circumstances, a few more batteries, mAh value is greater the longer standby time. Laptop battery life mainly by the charge and discharge times to measure the quality of the products are generally eligible for 500-600 times. Therefore, the effective use of laptop batteries within a period of two years, expired the battery will be aging, standby time affect the sharp decline in the mobility of notebook computers.

Laptop battery tips

In fact, how to make good use of laptop batteries battery, how to extend their use of time and the use of life and so on, is undoubtedly the troubled minds of the majority of notebook users, a problem, the use of laptop batteries There are many methods and techniques, which requires us to usually use more learning and application.

(A) rapid access to hibernation

Temporary non-use of laptop computers, in order to conserve battery power, we can set the power management program, allowing the system to enter sleep mode after a period of time, but this is a shorter or longer will have to wait a few minutes, there is no way to make laptop computer system immediately enter the sleep state?

Notebook computer system to enable quick access to dormant state of a simple method is to directly close the display. Press the display would require little effort, you can make notebook computers into sleep mode immediately and effectively conserve battery power. When you need to re-used time, as long as the opening screen, the system will automatically return to pre-operational state.

(B) the screen-saving mode

TFT screen is the largest notebook computer power components, in order to reduce its use of the battery when the power consumption, notebook manufacturers have devised ingenious schemes, but in general are based on the lower screen brightness, and even turn off the IBM THINKPAD T42 SERIES Battery.

In some notebook computer’s power management settings you can customize the brightness of the screen, most of notebook computers by a specific shortcut keys adjust screen brightness, generally 6 to 8-level brightness adjustment.

(C) energy-saving settings

Desktop machines using alternating current, most people may not be the computer attached great importance to energy-saving features, but need to use battery-powered notebook computers, the use of energy-saving features should be taken seriously. How to design computer hardware more energy-efficient, this is not a user problem to be solved. The user can do is set up on the computer the effective use of energy-saving option.

Energy-saving settings require the user to adjust two: First, the computer’s BIOS setup program on the energy-saving mode in the settings; most important thing is there are many energy-saving in the operating system settings and operations. In the practical implementation of computer systems, Windows systems should take precedence over energy-saving settings in the CMOS settings.

1. BIOS in the energy-saving settings

In the CMOS settings, most had a “Power Savings”, which can choose to “Maximum Battery Life” and “Maximum Performance” and other options. “Maximum Battery Life” is the default power saving mode setting. Notebook computer power saving mode in several states, such as the Idle Mode Idle Mode, Standby Mode standby (wait) mode, Suspend Mode suspension (sleep) mode. Notebook computers, these settings have been able to regulate power consumption, mainly in the computer into energy-saving state, the timely closure of some without the use of the system equipment. If the wait state, turn off the screen and hard drive; into hibernation, apart from a close monitor and hard drive, but also the contents of memory can be saved to the hard disk, the basic maintenance of the entire computer system shut down, once activated, or restart the computer, desktop will be accurately restored to pre-hibernation state. The energy-saving settings in the CMOS, mainly set by the Idle Mode to enter Standby Mode to Standby Timeout time, set to enter Suspend Mode from Standby Mode to Suspend Timeout time. Phoenix BIOS notebooks are most common. Different energy-saving BIOS settings may be somewhat different, it should carefully read the screen prompts.

2. Windows in the energy-saving settings

For the average user, in the Windows system to operate a better understanding of energy management can be simpler. Windows Help file, in the “management of hardware and software” entries, there are two notebook computers with energy-saving elements relating to: “Managing energy consumption” and “use of portable machine” in the “management laptop on the power.” Energy-saving settings during Windows, should read the contents.

In the Windows “Control Panel”, click “power management”, you can open the “Power Management Properties” dialog box. In the “Power Management Properties” dialog box, should be “power scheme” is set to “Portable / Laptop” and reasonable arrangement “system waiting for”, “close the Monitors”, “Turn off hard disks” and other options for . Different computer can control the option to have some differences, the new factory and the latest computer software will be more workable options, detailed settings should be based on the computer’s own features and Windows Help files to carry out.

In addition, if your laptop built-in infrared port, not the time to ban it, it can be extended laptop battery life.

(D) alarm settings

Set battery alarm in time to give prompt the user to save the information. Way is to click on Open “Control Panel”, double-click “Power” option, point “alarm” menu bar, “low-battery alarm” column, Windows 98 default is 10%, “a serious shortage of the battery alarm” column, Windows 98 default is 3% can make the appropriate modifications as needed. Click both the [alarm response] button, the “voice alert” and “displays the message” are selected, “the power level” may from time to select. Alarm limits so that when the battery is used, it will pop up a warning window, and the alarm buzzer sounds to alert the user to save information on a timely manner. Finally click [OK] button to exit the power management settings.

(E) open the energy-saving function

In the “extended laptop battery life technology” section, we have introduced energy-saving feature is the use of a CPU technology, which allows the performance make notebook PCs to play with their ASUS EEE PC Battery life between the time to achieve the best balance.

Most new models of notebook computers both in the BIOS of the CPU energy-saving technology have given the support, by default is turned on, if not open as long as the enter the BIOS will support the option to open it OK.

(Vi) The use of third-party software to monitor battery status

In addition to Windows built-in power management features, there are many utilities available to monitor the battery condition. For example, PowerCenter is a power monitoring tool available for free download (http://me MBers.xoom.com / TimothyBug / powercenter / index.htm). Only 800KB, is designed for notebook computer services software. In addition to the amount of PowerCenter shows the percentage of battery, but also to show the actual time and hours of time can be used.

PowerCenter total of three kinds of display.

(1) FullDisplay: In the open window displays detailed information, including the use of battery or AC power, the battery percentage and the remaining time available.

(2) CompactDisplay: in use is always at the top of the window display.

(3) MinimizeDisplay: make PowerCenter reduced to the Windows task bar, display the information is relatively simple.

PowerCenter is also attached to a control center, can be made up to six kinds of warning. When the battery - down to a certain level, a timely warning to the user, save the file being processed. In order not to waste electricity and CPU resources, PowerCenter automatically detect the battery status changes.

(G) intentionally run out of battery

Run out of Dell INSPIRON 6000 Battery on a regular basis in order to ensure a full charge. If you need to completely run out of battery power in the specific practice is: In the Power Management dialog box, select Battery Drain this particular power mode, all of its 3 Running on Batteries options are set to Never, this notebook computer on the will continue to run. Select the mode, and then enter the Alarms tab to lift the Low Battery and Critical Battery Warning check box is a check mark (so, when the battery power is low, the machine will not enter the suspended state). Next, let the computer run the CPU-time tasks, such as the computer automatically run a number of computational complexity of the 3D demo program, so soon run out of battery power remaining, of course, these disposal not forget to unplug the AC plug.

A few months ago, Hewlett-Packard’s third-quarter results, HP Personal Systems Group third-quarter revenue of 8.4 billion U.S. dollars, down 18% year on year, in which revenue fell 10 percent laptop, desktop revenue fell 26%. Although HP is still occupying the top spot in the global computer industry, location, but the face of the corporate sector adjustment stimulate competition among peers, as well as worldwide, repeatedly broke the product quality problems, particularly China, the quality of the notebook market, frequent problems, Hewlett-Packard to maintain its current position, not always been easy.

Global personal computer market’s crowded

With the global economic recovery, the computer market began to pick up. Recently, the market research report published by IDC, global PC shipments top five computer manufacturers, in addition to Dell last quarter, a decline, other four showed a COMPAQ PRESARIO 2100 Battery to increase.

Last week, Lenovo’s new one-quarter earnings freshly baked. Financial report not only shows that Lenovo began to turn around, and the global personal computer shipments increased by 17% year on year, which made Liu was “very satisfied.” Lenovo’s strong rebound in business, mainly due to China and other emerging markets for the contribution of group sales, particularly in its stronghold of Lenovo’s sales in China rose 28 percent, sales increased 9%, with the words Lenovo CEO Yang Yuanqing “China once again played a ‘mainstay’ role.”

Also last week, some media reported that worldwide PC market share rose to second place just Acer chairman JT Wang said Acer’s notebook shipments this year will be more than 30 million, and next year will exceed 4000 10000. This figure, so that Acer is expected to go beyond HP, and become the world’s largest notebook maker.

Hewlett-Packard in this fierce battle, the same active adjustment strategies. Hewlett-Packard Asia Pacific and Japan, regional president, said Xue Jinde, HP will strengthen the Chinese market, sales channels. The end of this year, China’s sales network covers cities from the current 700 to 2000.

Price war ignore the quality of service

As the market pick up, competition is increasingly fierce, some recent brand computers also frequently be exposed quality issues. October 27 to October 30, Acer, Sony, Asus were submitted to the State General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection notebook computers and related equipment on the recall report. Among them, Acer decided to recall the number of Chinese territory involving a total of 12266 units, three kinds of models of notebook computers; Sony decided to replace free of charge in mainland China a total of 1715 units of power adapter; ASUS decided to recall laptop batteries around 3630.

Some analysts have pointed out that, due to the highly competitive notebook market, manufacturers of products for the price of “dropping lower and lower,” product cost compression, causing the security problem is one of the reasons. Some manufacturers have admitted in recent years, the highly competitive notebook market, the profit margins of notebooks have become less dominant in the market in order to not only the product to keep pace, the price should have an advantage, to cheap, the cost have a certain control.

In fact, HP’s product quality issues, has long been China’s major media exposure. Started the previous two years, until last year’s outbreak of “snow-screen” event, and this year appeared one after another “splash screen” event, HP notebooks have become the main characters, but at the AQSIQ Web site, and did not see the relevant recall information. Can be said that the blind pursuit of product shipments and market share, lower prices, lower costs, ignoring the product quality and after-sales service will only lead to widespread dissatisfaction with Chinese consumers. In the People’s Network IT channel related investigations, more than 95% of Internet users expressed the impression that HP was “extremely disappointing”, while more than 99% of Internet users expressed a desire for Hewlett-Packard, “the issue in this recall.”

Qiao advantage of this legal gap or infuriating consumers

In the “AQSIQ Defective Product Management Center” web site, the most recent time in HP’s recall of defective products, information is in the last year’s June 2. That HP worldwide recall of about 203,000 notebooks buggy batteries, the number involved in China is about 15000. However, this time it is precisely the large-scale outbreak of “snow screen”, when, why HP only within the framework of the global recall of laptop batteries, while ignoring the local Chinese region’s “snow screen” problem?

According to “China Quality News” report, HP’s recall of batteries is in line with the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission’s requirements to implement. However, there are still no information on defective electronic product recall laws and regulations. Perhaps, this is giving some companies the opportunity to avoid legal risks, giving the company save a lot of expenses.

But this clever approach has angered consumers. In the Baidu search engine, enter “HP snow-screen” and “HP splash screen” keyword, the search results more than 40000 and 90000, respectively. Almost all the video sites, can find User upload their own shooting problems on the HP notebook video. Some of the video, HP notebook computers which displayed a variety of unusual phenomena, and still others are angry at the matter and notebooks to consumers shattered. Some TV stations also carried a report on this incident, interviews, many consumers Hewlett-Packard Co. and their agents are very disappointed with the attitude of indifference.

Quick profit or to lose the Chinese market Hewlett-Packard

Perhaps the market is eager to compete for the computer maker’s mentality. However, the ants of the hole, ACER ASPIRE 3000 Battery bursts thousands of miles. The brands are the sum of all intangible assets holographic concentrated, consumers will buy the brand as the computer, it is because of the brand’s trust. But if these brands can not control the quality of the computer business, will ultimately be abandoned by consumers, the brand no longer is the enterprise’s cash cow, but simply a sign of just worthless.

Hewlett-Packard and Lenovo, Acer, the two local computer makers in a competitive Chinese market, which already lacked natural advantages, if the product quality and service attitude ignores consumers, relying on “Little Smart” means to obtain results on the glory, it is Hewlett-Packard is difficult to imagine how the Chinese market, and even a foothold.

We have invited to the Cheng-yang Networks, Inc., for everyone to answer some of the purchasing process of laptop battery problems. Today, we again requested Cheng Yang Networks for us to answer some of the dell inspiron 6400 laptop battery will encounter in the course of the problem.

Notebook Battery Frequently Asked Questions

1. Q: Several hours after the first charge, the battery power is still only shows 30%, which is why? The how to do to achieve 100% full charge?

A: encountered this problem, you can refer to the correction described in Article III of your laptop battery in order to achieve optimal performance to operate. If still not satisfied, please contact your supplier request a replacement.

2. Q: How long new battery to drive the computer time?

A: The laptop battery run time is difficult to determine. The actual running time depends on the power requirements of devices, screen size, hard drives and other accessories are consumed by the extra power, greatly reducing its running time, the total battery run time also depends on the device design.

3. Q: The battery is not fully used up on the charge will reduce the life expectancy?

A: The battery is fully charged according to the number of life-expectancy calculation, lithium batteries are generally 300-400 times. Of course, you do not have to worry about the power of the battery connected to a single charge, the battery charge times in general only when the completion of a full charge and discharge will be increased once.

4. Q: The battery charge to a certain percentage or even 100% after the cut off AC power, the battery does not discharge, the computer immediately shut down, and why?

Answer: (1) depends on your working environment temperature is not too high, if the higher temperature region, prolonged use of the battery will happen protection, in order to prevent accidents, the computer starts proceedings on the termination of the computer work, and you can turn off your computer, you can take out the battery and re-put it back.

(2) computers in the charge when the charging circuit is the easiest hair growth problems, the other possibility is that your computer is in the charge in the process of a problem. Please check your computer. At this point you can find the original battery, to see whether the computer can work.

5. Q: My Dell laptop does not recognize the battery, and display the “batteries not compatible with this computer, insert the Dell battery” and other similar information, and the lights kept flashing, how is this going on?

Answer: This message indicates that the battery of compatibility is not good, when this failure occurs, please contact your provider request a replacement.

6. Q: When I put the battery inside the computer, the computer automatically shut down, leaving the battery out, then the computer can work properly, this is why?

A: This shows that the battery has been faulty. This is a very small, probably due to short-circuit protection of the battery interface area caused by technical failure. Encounter this failure, please contact your provider request a replacement battery.

7. Q: The new battery does not charge Why?

A: All laptop battery manufacturer in the ship, the laptop battery will charge 40-50 of electricity. In general we recommend charging a night (about 12 hours). The initial use of a new laptop battery should be rechargeable (depth charge, and then the depth of discharge), 3 to 5 times, so that optimal battery performance. (Note: the battery during charging and discharging process of a certain temperature is normal). It’s hard to charge a new battery adapter, because they never depth charge. If this happens, remove the battery and then re-inserted. Charge cycle should start again. The first charge the battery several times when this may happen. Do not worry, this is completely normal.

8. Q: My original battery nominal voltage is 14.4V or 10.8V, and the constant surplus sold pute the corresponding models of the battery nominal voltage with me and that its only a nominal voltage of 14.8V or 11.1V, but an indication can be used in the same paragraph models, how should I choose?

Answer: a laptop computer, its working DC safe voltage range is between 5.5V to 24V. We are equipped with batteries, are required for the security of a rated voltage range. As we all know, we use the battery is lithium-ion batteries, but lithium-ion battery’s characteristics are: charging the battery voltage increased; End of electrical discharge when the voltage will be reduced. For example, for a nominal 11.1V battery, which can provide a practical and effective operating voltage range of 9V-12.6V, when the battery is full when the voltage is 12.6V or so, and when the battery discharge when the voltage of electricity is about finished 9-10V , and that means all the store to eat 9V-12.6V to use computers at work can provide an effective operating voltage. The DC power supply from the computer design principle point of view, all of the notebook computer manufacturers of computer motherboards are designed so that the power supply lines, so whether you are using original battery nominal voltage is 10.8V, 11.1V, or 14.4 V, 14.8V, can all be used interchangeably with each other, and are safe, please rest assured to use.

9. Q: How do I correct in order to achieve the best performance laptop battery?

A: The laptop battery has a microprocessor within the software, it can charge and discharge electricity when it is an estimate. Battery needs to be calibrated from time to time in order to ensure that the screen display the time and the percentage of correctness. You should first use your computer to implement the operation, done once every few months later.

(1) The first of the “Power” option set: In the blank screen, right-click, choose “Properties” - “Screen Saver” - “Power” - “power scheme” - “Portable / Laptop”, Then, “when the computer” “battery,” all the options, select “never” in the “alert” under the abolition of “low-battery alarm” and “a serious shortage of the battery alarm” feature.

(2) cut off the power adapter and use your battery power until the computer completely.

(4) Connect the power adapter until the battery is full of shows that 100%. The initial use (or over a longer-term storage later), the battery needs at least 3-4 times a full release cycle to achieve their best performance, the process of charging at least 14 hours.

Tips:

(1) You must first discharge of your battery power to the computer and then full charge to 100% of its calibrated, after which, no matter at what level the battery charge, you can always connect or cut off power supply. In addition, a period of time to do a protection circuit placed under the control of deep-charge battery capacity to compensate for statistics, but it will not improve your battery’s actual capacity.

(2) When the batteries become “empty”, the computer forced into sleep mode, the battery in fact retain a certain amount of power to ensure that the computer be able to sleep for some time. When the battery is really fully depleted, the computer will be forced to shut down. At this time, any open documents will be lost.

10. Q: Why in the first to charge the battery after 10 minutes, the computer will be displayed charging complete?

A: encountered this problem, you can refer to the correction described in section 11 of your notebook battery in order to achieve optimal performance to operate. If still not satisfied, please contact your supplier request a replacement.

11. Q: My battery for the first time can be used three hours, but can not charge the second time, is not that the apple m9324 laptop battery is broken?

A: encountered this problem, you can refer to the correction described in section 11 of your notebook battery in order to achieve optimal performance to operate. If still not satisfied, please contact your supplier request a replacement.

12. Q: My battery does not have enough advance warning before entering hibernation, the battery is always cause a computer to automatically shut down, there have been several times, but now, after the display filled with the use of less than a few minutes, this is why?

A: encountered this problem, you can refer to the correction described in section 11 of your notebook battery in order to achieve optimal performance to operate. If still not satisfied, please contact your supplier request a replacement.

13. Q: Why did not use the battery power is also reduced?

A: Because the absolute humidity and non-insulated environmental impact, the battery exists the phenomenon of self-consumption, depending on the battery recency and quality of ,3-4 days to fall about 2%, so as long as not all belong to a significant decline in the normal phenomenon.

14. Q: Using the power necessary to remove the battery Mody?

A: We recommend that do not remove the battery, AC power that can prevent a sudden interruption of the ongoing operations can continue while the data are not lost. If you remove it is recommended that the battery wrapped in fresh membrane and placed in a dry cool place, and I remember a month or so used at least once a battery and charge the battery in order to avoid loss of activity.

15. Q: My 20-hour rechargeable battery, the battery still appears as 0%, and cut off after the AC power supply, the computer immediately shut down, and why?

A: First of all to check the battery is good contact with the notebook, because if contact is not good, although you can read the battery of communications data, but not to charge the battery. . At this point you can take out the battery several times more than try. The battery into the computer, such as hear the beep is heard, you can be basically considered to have a good contact. Multi-try several times, you can rule out the computer and the battery being exposed problems. Especially when using the IBM computer, pay attention to this problem.

16. Q: How do laptop battery charge and discharge the battery?

Answer: Follow these steps to charge the battery discharge,

(1) to buy a new battery put into the notebook computer

(2) Disconnect the notebook adapter, use your laptop until it automatically shut down. This is a deep discharge process

(3) to connect adapter, the battery began to charge

(4) A charge until the battery is full

(5) The charge-discharge cycle repeated several times, your battery will reach the highest performance

17. Q: When the battery is fully charged, the battery can also use 7-minute show, but in fact 2.5 hours of battery can be used, then the battery internal electronic devices (display status of that part) and whether there were problems?

A: The new battery’s initial charge when a self-accreditation process. After a period of time, will be displayed properly. Please set the minimum required for the computer shuts down the electricity meter management system. Disconnect the power adapter to use a computer to know all of you are finished using the battery. And then connect the adapter to start charging. The dell inspiron 9200 laptop battery depth of charge and discharge cycles, or 3-4 times in order to ensure optimal battery performance.

18. Q: How do I calculate my new battery can be used on the computer a few hours?

A: Generally a battery, and the computer has a direct relationship between the consumption of power. For example, a 10.4-inch screen computers, working with low-power CPU, then the normal use of this computer every hour of power consumed by the 10WH-12WH between the battery can provide power output calculated as follows: S said voltage multiplied by the nominal capacity, equivalent to the battery can provide the total power output. For example, for a nominal 11.1V, 4400mAh notebook battery can provide power output 48.8WH, then the battery in this 10.4-inch computer station can be provided during normal working hours of about 4 hours. The power consumed by the use of computers with the use of computers also have a direct relationship between the state, if it is playing games or watching DVD, the computer is running at full speed the power consumed by the concomitant increase, then the battery life will be with the to reduce it.

19. Q: How should the battery be stored?

Answer: (1) If the laptop battery performance to maintain stability, we must always be an independent application of the battery to work. If the form of closed-circuit the battery, then stored for a long time, the battery will be damaged.

(2) a month or more for a long time do not use the battery, I suggest remove the battery from the computer, its 60% -80% charge and stored in dry, cool and clean place. If the time is not the case, the battery’s capacity will ultimately damage is lost. Therefore, it is necessary to save some time after charging the battery. Of course, if you are able to use once a month, it will be better able to ensure that the battery storage.

20. Q: what should be done to make the battery safe?

(1) to avoid the water cause the battery to short-circuit the battery, short-circuit the battery will cause serious damage;

(2) to avoid the drop, knock the battery, which could lead to batteries exposed within the corrosive substances;

(3) Avoid exposure to heat the battery, humid and rainy place;

(4) batteries must be away from fire or other extreme heat source, the battery exposed to extreme heat sources may result in explosion;

(5) Avoid placing the battery in the sun exposure;

(6) shall not be open, repair or tampering with battery pack. The battery will overheat and burn. Corrosive alkaline solution or other electrolyte leakage can cause fire or injury.

(7) Do not use sharp objects piercing the ACER lcbtp03003 Laptop battery.

Many people when buying rechargeable batteries, a look at the capacity, or look the brand. However, to know that buying a good performance of the rechargeable battery is also a great school of learning.

Knowledge

Batteries can be divided into two categories, one category is “one cell”, and the other is “secondary battery.” “One cell” As the name suggests is the use of no value once the battery, “secondary battery” simply means that rechargeable batteries, can charge for further use.

“One cell” includes alkaline batteries, Meng zinc batteries, such as Chongqing, a train of gold on the market batteries are alkaline batteries. Disposable batteries are cheap, easy to use, and alternative brand names. However, its disadvantages are also more lethal, first of all can not be recycled, one-time investment was low, but the cumulative use of the high cost. Another disposable hp f4486-60001 laptop battery arbitrarily discarded after use, then, will cause environmental pollution. At present, many countries have adopted a management “a cell” of the relevant laws and regulations. I personally feel that a “one cell” is not much to purchase necessary.

“Secondary battery” includes the type of respect very much on the market are more common nickel-metal hydride batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries and lithium batteries. Nickel-metal hydride batteries and nickel-cadmium batteries are the same appearance, and is divided into AA and AAA. The same as the rechargeable battery. But their works are not the same, nickel-cadmium batteries are extremely nickel oxide, the negative is extremely spongy metal cadmium, mostly electrolyte, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide alkaline solution. Ni-Cd battery compact, rugged, shock, vibration, the battery self-discharge is small, suitable for the use of high-current discharge. It is characterized by long cycle life, in theory, there are 2000-4000 times cycle life.

Nickel-metal hydride batteries are low-voltage nickel-metal hydride batteries, to Ni (OH) 2 as the cathode to hydrogen storage alloy as negative electrode, potassium hydroxide alkaline aqueous solution as electrolyte. Ni-MH battery than the energy density (that is, an equal volume of batteries, Ni-MH batteries have greater capacity than the nickel-cadmium batteries), in theory, Ni-MH battery is the energy density of nickel-cadmium batteries 1.5-2 times; there is Ni-MH battery is good environmentally friendly, Ni-MH batteries do not use metal cadmium, or use of toxic substances, does not pollute the environment; there are Ni-MH battery has largely eliminated the “memory effect.” That the memory effect and battery capacity of the increasingly high demand in the civilian grade nickel-metal hydride batteries are already replaced the nickel-cadmium batteries.

Lithium batteries can be understood as digital products, special batteries, its shape according to the design of digital products can be arbitrarily changed, lithium batteries almost no memory effect, and use a long time. However, lithium batteries are expensive, and between the different specifications of the lithium batteries can not be generic.

Optional items

In the rechargeable batteries are printed on the surface of a similar mark, indicating this product is what type of battery. NI-MH says that nickel-metal hydride batteries, is actually very simple, NI is the chemical letters Nickel, NH, said hydrogen. By the same token NI-Cd is expressed as a nickel-cadmium batteries.

Battery rated capacity refers to a certain discharge conditions, the battery discharge to the release of electricity cut-off voltage. No. 7 currently on the market capacity of the battery 400mAh-900 mAh mostly between the 5 batteries from 1000 mAh-2500 mAh range. Of course, in a sense, the capacity is of course the bigger the better, because of large capacity means longer battery life.

Marketed in some of the work packages battery capacity is also very high, but I do not recommend to buy. Because the battery in the factory hours in order to A, B, C 3, B, C-class product is mainly the product capacity, most of these products is that the battery pack work available in the market. Also noteworthy is that among the different capacities of batteries do not mix. For example, three 2300 mAh of the batteries 1300 mAh battery, which emit an effective current of only 1300 mAh, from the physics can be very simple to understand this point.

Also, when buying batteries may wish to consider under the Sanyo, Panasonic and other major brands and other products made in China is also a good source of Qi. Other unknown product is best not to buy, while the purchase rechargeable batteries, they can weigh about weight. Generally heavier weight, the better its quality. Here I teach you a trick Identification of true and false Sanyo batteries, Sanyo battery cathode is not completely round, but a little bit of a square, while Haier, Sanyo batteries agent the highest only at 1850mAh.

The rechargeable batteries are generally marked on the standard charge time and quick charge time, charging the speed with charger related.

Slow charge generally use constant current charging mode, and the battery is full and automatically converted to trickle charge state. Has the advantage of slow charge circuit design is simple and easy to implement, prices are also lower; As a result of low current constant current charging, effectively reducing the battery charging process in the heat, to extend the battery life is very good. Drawback is the charging time is too long, especially in the case of large quantity of batteries a bit powerless.

Fast charge is generally using a large pulse current charging, but because of high current battery charging process will generate polarized responses, leading to the rapid increase in battery temperature, full power on after resume a likely explosion and combustion, so fast charge also uses a special chip to control the charging process, automatically stop charging once filled so that the whole process of charging has become safe and efficient.

In the end is a standard charger or optional fast charger that can be purchased according to the needs of users. Here to remind consumers to purchase brand-name products charger must be, and if I get quick charger, be sure to understand whether the automatic power-off function.

Battery Maintenance

The use of rechargeable battery users. Bought back the battery power is low in general, the first charge must be adequate. Ni-MH battery charging time are generally more than 16 hours. To achieve best results, generally more than 3 times repeated charge-discharge can. In addition, the battery in use after three rounds, the best place to find the opportunity to make a further charge fully recharge, so as not there is residual power in the battery when the repeated charge, or will shorten battery life.

In addition, in order to avoid the loss of electricity, use nickel-metal hydride dell inspiron 510m laptop battery user, remove the battery charge after the power end, do not let the battery positive and negative poles at the same time contact with conductors. And not to frequent deep discharge of the battery, as this will affect the battery’s chemical properties. And do not mix old and new batteries.

Reading the above article, I believe everyone will buy rechargeable batteries for some understanding, I also recommend to you a few good brands and imported products: SONY (Sony), FUJIFILM (Fuji), Kodak (Kodak), Maxell (Maxell), Energizer (Energizer), SANYO (Sanyo), Panasonic (Matsushita). Domestic: GP (super), Qi Source.

First, is the first look at No. 5 (AA), 7 Hao (AAA) rechargeable batteries. Digital cameras are known for large electricity and comes with rechargeable batteries is far from satisfying the needs of outdoor photography, especially after the open LCD screen. Now digital cameras use batteries closer to the standards, making us more opportunities to use the standard battery. If the form of buying a digital camera accessory manufacturers to provide a rechargeable battery, a relatively high price and does not readily available, if your digital camera using a standard battery, you might consider the use of domestic sale of rechargeable batteries. As the digital camera work, great power, in order to maintain a longer requires optional large capacity battery, so the current nickel-metal hydride battery is the best option. For MP3 users while the machine is not power, but always too lazy to do the user charge in the hope that the time spent on a single charge, the better, so it will need to purchase high-capacity nickel-hydrogen batteries. Optional battery type must be the same for electrical equipment. Shanghai retail market, the more well-known large-capacity nickel-hydrogen batteries are mainly “GP super” and “Swan” (made in Shanghai), then a “new product” and “elite” brand listed.

“GP super” brand batteries in high-capacity Ni-MH battery Shanghai retail market, the most famous of its 1300mAH of 5 (AA) and 600 mAH number 7 (AAA) batteries for quite some time in a civilian you can buy the retail market the largest capacity battery, and excellent performance, re-filled life is far greater than the nominal value. In particular, on the 7th battery capacity can be achieved 600mAH, similar products in general can do 550mAH. “GP super” battery packaging are mainly two sets of tag packaging and offers. The so-called benefits package is a package to provide four 1300mAH of 5 (AA) batteries, with an additional one 4-type charger or two 1300mAH of 5 (AA) batteries, with an additional 1 2-type charger. Since most of the chargers are available in the market are for the early 500 mAH standard nickel-cadmium battery design, the charge current is small, not suitable for large-capacity rechargeable Ni-MH battery, charger so matching can be more effective high-capacity rechargeable batteries. If users do not properly chargers, for the first time to purchase the proposed purchase of a discount package to get an effective charger. Tag packaging “GP super” batteries are nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal hydride two categories, packaging is similar, but the colors are different, for there are a variety of nickel-cadmium battery capacity of the sub. The battery outside the foreskin and the hanging board, are clearly indicate the battery capacity and type, the user only need to look carefully will be able to identify. Due to the different channels “GP super” sony pcga-bp1n laptop battery difference between the retail price of more powerful, I have seen the same pair of hanging plates 1300mAH of 5 (AA) Ni-MH batteries (2), most expensive place to sell 36 yuan / plate , while the cheapest place, only 24 yuan / plate around. Therefore recommend that users do more before buying, to the author experience in a number of large supermarkets within a relatively cheap price, but also more authentic stuff. Big tree attracts the wind, a fake “GP super” battery is very rampant, there are many fake versions of the main fake two board-mounted cranes, and four plastic Lite, we are in the electronic market is easy to see these fake figure, the price from 6 yuan / plate to 10 yuan / plate both. Retail customers typically experience 10 yuan each of the following sections of the “GP super,” the majority of nickel-metal hydride batteries tainted. Some black-hearted businessmen fake elevated to the real price of goods sold, coupled with the packaging of some fake version of a very high degree of simulation, the user is difficult to identify, so it is best to large stores.

” 品 new” battery is not well-known “GP super” high, so the same type of product prices “GP super” to benefit some, and basically no counterfeit goods. “The new product,” Ni-MH battery also has benefits package, a package to provide four high-capacity Ni-MH battery charger attached a 4-type was also accompanied by two nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-cadmium battery is fully attached can be used for radio and portable 听. After the actual test, “the new product,” Ni-MH battery discharge characteristics and capacity indicators also ideal, during the initial phase after several full charge and discharge the battery will be able to achieve the maximum capacity of the state.

“100 million power” battery is the recent listing of brands, most of the first in the electronic marketplace, capacity was relatively large, is said on the 5th (AA) batteries to achieve the maximum capacity of 1500mAH, although this type of product prices by about 20 yuan / section about expensive, while the 1300mAH product as long as 10 yuan / festival around. “Yili” brand there are a number of mainstream mobile phones compatible with the battery block. In the absence of actual test, so do not evaluate the quality of it. From the packaging does not highlight the terms of the Department, the purchase also provides merchant credit card, do look a bit like.

There are many counterfeit rechargeable batteries, alkaline batteries are mainly used rechargeable batteries and the use of pretending to have a little deal with low-cost brand battery factory loaded with goods, nickel-cadmium batteries, have been repackaged, impersonating a famous large-capacity Ni-MH battery. If you use regular batteries or alkaline batteries pretending to, by measuring the voltage will be able to identify, Ni-MH / Ni-Cd battery voltage is normally does not exceed 1.4V, while the normal battery voltage of about 1.5V. If you use low-grade nickel-cadmium batteries, respectively, the average user can not live up to find themselves in the future use of the battery time is short. We can see in the electronic market, the different brands of batteries, many of them world famous brands such as SONY rechargeable batteries, but the price is too low to read, and some even more than high-quality disposable alkaline batteries cheaper, in fact, these are fake products.

For professional users recommend the use of a special battery. Such as the remote control model enthusiasts, suggested the use of instant discharge characteristics and better “Sanyo 2000″ batteries, and some communications equipment and video recording equipment with the “Toshiba”, “SANYO”, “Matsushita” batteries. Most of these batteries are nickel-cadmium batteries, but the performance is very good, the models are rather special, but the price is very expensive, such as “Sanyo 2000″ model, the price of the battery power to tens of dollars on one, and its features can provide more than 10C short-term high-current output, but this feature for digital cameras, but not much sense, but for model aircraft in the critical engine.

UPS maintenance-free battery of 12V in a floating state due to the long-term, it is easy to aging, resulting in increased internal resistance, capacity decreased. The user in a simulated power outage test battery capacity can be promptly detected the decline in the performance of the inverter time is short. Replace the battery to use more Japanese Yuasa, Panasonic, Powerson and other brand-name batteries, the above-mentioned three kinds of batteries used for many UPS. Yuasa Battery Japan is relatively more expensive price of some. Maintenance-free battery generally UPS store and telecommunications equipment in stores. In addition to purchasing capacity and maintenance-free battery similar to the original battery, the size of the weight should also be similar, a number of low-quality counterfeit batteries or pretending to large-capacity small-capacity products, the general weight of light. Choose the best battery products closer to the date selected plants to ensure that activity. Electronics market, there are many different brands of cheap ibm 02k6616 laptop battery and secondary battery, the battery though cheap, but quality is difficult to guarantee, not suitable for use in home UPS.

Solar cell market is rapid recovery. Lehman crisis in the autumn of 2008 took place at the same time, the Spanish government greatly reduced solar feed-in tariffs (Feed-in Tariff) of installed capacity, after the world’s largest Spanish market has started to reduce the size of the rapid decline in global demand for solar cells, but in Japan and Europe have emerged signs of recovery in demand. From the second half of the global market in 2009 to widen again.

European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA: European Photovoltaic Industry Association) predicted results show that in 2009 the demand for solar cell conversion by generating capacity, than the increase of 22.4% over the previous year to reach 6802MW (Figure 1). Will be followed by steady growth in 2013 will be 4.0 times that in 2008, reaching 20000 2325MW. This is a policy to support governments to take an active demand for solar cells to draw to make predictions. The association also does not adopt new policies to countries under the circumstances as predicted. In this case, 2013 will be 2.2 times that in 2008, reaching 10000 2250MW.

Italy, France has expanded the demand for

By region, in 2008 accounted for 80% of the world’s demand for the European market is expected to remain first in 2013. 2010 to 2013 will account for about half of global demand. The expansion of the European market in 2013 the rate will be 2.4 times that in 2008, reaching 10000 925MW. Although the downsizing of the Spanish market, but Germany, Italy and France, demand for feed-in tariffs system continues to expand.

Compared with the fastest growth in 2008, the United States. The demand in 2013 will be 13.2 times that in 2008, reaching 4500MW. Despite its size before 2007 was less than the Japanese market, but early in 2009 Obama introduced a new energy policy is expected in 2013 demand for solar cells will reach the Japanese market for more than one times.

In 2009 the rapid growth of demand for the Japanese market. In addition to restoring subsidies for solar cells set up, Japan has started from November 2009 to import feed-in tariffs system. And because the system already decided in the spring of 2009, so there are many consumers have been set up in advance. In addition, in order to improve the current decline in construction is being completed in the amount companies have to develop a strategic housing prices, also contributed to the growth of acer aspire one laptop battery.

Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a kind of micro-organisms as the anode catalyst, the chemical energy directly into electricity biological device. The use of MFC can not only directly in the water or sludge in the organic matter degradation, but also in microbial metabolism of organic compounds can be generated in the process transformed into an electronic current, to gain power [lj. Since Fes 10-reducing bacteria has been reported that the electrochemical activity, the study found no medium for the microbial fuel cell can be used to operate the bacteria sony pcga-bp2r laptop battery, as a renewable alternative energy sources and new sewage treatment methods, microbial fuel cell has given rise to of particular concern. I will focus on research and microbial fuel cell related internal parameters and to explore better ways of improvement, to improve the performance of microbial fuel cells.

A microbial fuel cell to obtain the power density

Due to the presence of a high resistance limits the maximum power density, therefore, from the microbial fuel cell to obtain the upper limit of the power levels still remain unknown. Several groups of studies have shown that microbial flora and fuel with similar microbial fuel cell can produce 10 times the difference between the number of maximum power density. Can be seen that the performance of microbial fuel cells and reactors from the configuration of factors related to the decision, such as the super-potential and resistance. Chemical fuel cells, microbial fuel cells with a higher number of 10 times the power density [lv〕. This is because the micro-device within the various system parameters to increase its resistance, such as water and organic nitrogen demand, anode catalyst and reactor configuration and so on. Therefore, the reactor must be optimized geometry and the electrolyte, thereby reducing the resistance and to the catalytic potential of microorganisms to maximize.

Two rate-limiting factor in microbial fuel cells

Like other fuel cells, micro fuel cell performance is by the current, power density and fuel oxidation rate decision. The factors that affect the fuel oxidation rate more, including the catalytic activity of the anode, fuel-proliferation, the spread of electrons and protons, and consumption.

2.1 The choice of anode catalyst micro-organisms

From the view of the composition of microbial fuel cell anode can be attached to micro-organisms and transmission of electronic, is to determine the microbial fuel cell produced electricity generation capacity is an important factor, is to study micro-organisms producing electrical and electronic transfer mechanism rationale an important supportive tool, so the microbial fuel cell anode study has very important significance.

Learned person in microbial fuel cells, activated sludge or anaerobic sludge digestion device, you can generate 0.6V open-circuit potential, closed-circuit when the current can be ignored. To the anode chamber to repeat the supply of fuel, 2 ~ 3 weeks, current can gradually reach a stable value. Analysis of the small ribosomal (165rDNA) showed that bacteria on the anode is different from the use of sludge as inoculum of the bacterial flora Qing〕. Concentrated microbial groups in terms of performance is determined by its dell inspiron 1525 laptop battery, concentrated the most suitable poly-microbial can improve fuel efficiency provided by and used under the given conditions to promote microbial fuel cells run successfully.

In the enrichment process, using pure culture of the microbial fuel cell electrode surface covered with biofilm. Forming microbial biofilm between cells and electrodes of electronic, you can through insoluble Fe3 10 as the electron acceptor to restore direct contact between the electronic transfer of Qing〕, or to pass through special pili. Some data indicate that some bacteria can produce a natural body of electronic flow, but flow of microbial fuel cell within the e-produce biological importance has attracted suspicion.

2.2 Proton mass transfer

Like with the chemical fuel cells, micro fuel cells are also used cation-exchange membrane, in microbial fuel cells proton mass will not be restricted, if the operation in similar conditions, microbial fuel cell anode catalytic activity than the activity of chemical fuel cells low. In general, the chemical fuel cells, microbial fuel cells can produce more than one nursing a height of about a few times the current density. Microbial fuel cell cathode proton consumption rate than the rate of transport through the membrane faster-ching〕, this difference may be caused by microbial fuel cells and fuel cells, the intrinsic chemical differences. Microbial fuel cell using a variety of inorganic compounds, in addition to things, as a fuel for the maintenance of microbial metabolism, while chemical fuel cell is a simple as fuel. Microbial fuel cell used in the chemical substances in the aqueous phase decomposition of cation, the concentration ratio of these cations under neutral pH, the proton concentration was significantly higher than a nursing-fold [2s mouth, they can interfere with transmembrane proton transport. Microbial fuel cells proton mass Another limiting factor is the water quality as the electrolyte solution of choice.

Rozendal, etc. verify the cathode chamber by a layer of the Nafion 117 membrane transport cation transport effect and the effect of microbial fuel cell performance honk〕. In the two-bedroom with a yin and yang of the microbial fuel cell, transported to the cathode from the anode chamber room to remove the proton (K +, Na +, NH death, Mg, +, Ca “+) cations outside the positive charge carried by the quantity and through Circuit transferred the same number of electrons. Analysis of microbial fuel cell from the film shows, K + and Na + membrane sulfonate residues account for about 74%. cation transport does not depend on the concentration gradient to complete, but an electrodialysis process. In fact, this means that there is no microbial fuel cell proton transport, mainly through the neutral cation transport, rather than proton transport to sustain. This phenomenon raises a range of electrochemical and microbiological the problem, which affected the efficient operation of microbial fuel cells. acidification in the anode chamber of the increase in anode potential while reducing the activity of microbial catalytic anode reaction, while the cathode chamber reduced the anodic potential is alkaline. you can go to film or containing low concentrations of cations with the electrolyte to avoid this cation a priority, rather than proton transfer.

Usually close-fitting manner microbial fuel cell to avoid the two electrodes short-circuit, this time to film the performance of microbial fuel cell to maximize Tian〕. As the cathode current room will salt or acid solution into the increase. This shows that the proliferation of protons in the aqueous phase is a slow process, with a high salt concentration in the electrolyte to the membrane microbial fuel cell in the proton diffusion rate of speed. As mentioned above, salts inhibit transmembrane proton transport, but the promotion of protons in the aqueous phase of the effective diffusion. In the microbial fuel cell with a membrane, using a reduced proton diffusion depth of the reactor and low-salt electrolyte can increase the anode proton transfer. Miniature microbial fuel cell performance increase may be caused by the diffusion caused by the depth of the reduction [28〕. As the cathode surface of the alkali, with limited buffering capacity of the cathode-electrolyte salt concentration in the low-value can lead to lower cathode potential. Using potassium permanganate as an electron acceptor, due to increases in the cation exchange membrane and cathode, casing-type microbial fuel cell power density can be as high 3987mw/mZ, two-room type than the 34.5 times higher than the microbial fuel cell. Permanganate used the double-pipe microbial fuel cell resistance to 51.Zn, while the two-room-type microbial fuel cells and 1623n.

From the above results can be seen that the proton mass is a microbial fuel cell of the main limiting factors, it is by increasing the battery’s internal resistance to influence the microbial hp pavilion zd8000 series laptop battery cell performance.

2.3 The oxygen reduction on the cathode

Oxygen is usually as a microbial fuel cell cathode reaction of the electron acceptor. Have confirmed that the oxygen reduction reaction is a weak microbial fuel cell optimum operating constraints. Commonly used electrode material is graphite, but for the oxygen reduction reaction is weak in terms of catalyst, because it has more than 6.69 / L of dissolved oxygen saturation value. This value is approximately saturated water vapor in the dissolved oxygen concentration of 80%. In order to improve the catalytic activity, usually platinum-modified graphite electrodes, this could make the saturation level of dissolved oxygen increased to 2.0mg / L, the resultant current is the maximum to do more than simply using graphite electrodes 3 to 4 times higher, but its large-scale applications are limited by cost constraints.

Usually cathode regulator - to increase the oxygen ferrocyanide is also the driving force. In the chemical fuel cells, researchers have examined a variety of materials and their mixtures to replace the expensive platinum cathode kiss〕. These materials include copper, gold, put / drill, key, tungsten and manganese, they use the redox properties of their respective cathode and oxygen in the electron transfer between the indirect. Also studied a 3-valent iron, complex drilling, magnesia coffee〕, etc., as microbial fuel cell cathode materials performance. However, as a microbial fuel cell cathode catalyst, most of them are not as good as platinum and high efficiency. Its effectiveness as a cathode catalyst for the most critical criteria is their affinity for oxygen, which show affinity for the cathodic reaction of dissolved oxygen saturation concentration or K. Value, because the resulting current intensity and the concentration of dissolved oxygen showed a dynamic relationship between horses 3 ‘1 2:.

In the enzyme fuel cell [sa〕〕 coffee and microbial fuel cells has been used oxygen reductase - catalase and peroxidase as a cathode catalyst. Aerobic respiratory electron transport system, the end of the oxidase on the molecular oxygen affinity than any known chemical catalyst for the high. Therefore, the aerobic bacteria in the 0.1mg / L of low dissolved oxygen concentrations have the greatest ability to breathe. To this end, the study focus on that as a cathode catalyst on the aerobic bacteria. Cathode biofilm development on improving the overall performance of microbial fuel cells have a significant role.

Closed-loop conditions, the bacteria formed on the cathode is different from the open-loop conditions, the bacteria on the cathode. In seawater and freshwater sediment microbial fuel cell [3s · 36〕 and man-made water-bed-type microbial fuel cell foot〕 also conducted the same monitoring. Bergel, etc. found in sea water corrosion in the formation of biofilm coated stainless steel cathodes, hydrogen fuel cells do get 0.32w / m, the power density [3s “.

2.4 electron acceptor other than oxygen

In addition to the aforementioned ferrocyanide, the permanganate can be used as an electron acceptor. Cathode with potassium permanganate as an electron acceptor (oxidizer) and two-bedroom-type microbial fuel cell can generate a maximum of 115.6mw / m “of the power density, than with ferrocyanide (power density of 25.6 mw / mZ) and oxygen (power density 10.2mw/mZ) as electron acceptor resulting from the high power density, respectively 4.5 times and 11.3 times. This is due to microbial fuel cells permanganate provides a higher open-circuit potential. These results indicate that the cathode reaction also affect the microbial fuel cell applications, an important factor.

3 microbial fuel cell applications in wastewater treatment

In wastewater treatment, microbial fuel cell with the existing methods do not possess several advantages. In the wastewater treatment process, the microbial fuel cell can be used as an energy power restoration, addition, in more stable conditions than in aerobic treatment can also produce less sludge.

The microbes in the aerobic treatment of organic pollutants carried by the use of all the energy, while the microbial fuel cell in the growth of microorganisms in these energy consuming only a small part of most of the conversion to electricity. Assuming a redox potential of 0.32V under the electrons from the contaminants passed to adjoin Sa nucleotide, using oxygen as an electron acceptor end, then the energy of pollutants carried by approximately 1 / 3 is the use of micro-organisms, and the rest 2 / 3 into electricity. This proves that micro-organisms in wastewater treatment sludge from the fuel cell can be substantial savings to address the capital. In different operating conditions, glucose and water half-saturation constant (K,), respectively 79 a 103mg / L and 461 ~ 719mg / L vary. Note these values in order to achieve the required effluent standards, microbial fuel cell to be the most suitable operating conditions of fuel concentrations. Because of this, optimization of microbial fuel cell can not only enhance output power, but also by detecting the quality of effluents to deal effectively with waste water.

4 Conclusion

Microbial fuel cell is a kind of repair to use the energy from sewage novel method of sewage treatment. The performance of microbial fuel cells by its resistance to impact, such resistance is the proton mass and the weak cathode caused by the oxygen reduction reaction. Protons in the aqueous phase of the transport rate is very slow, in the hollow fiber reactor to improve the proton transfer between two poles of yin and yang can minimize the depth of the proton transfer, thereby reducing the resistance.

Cathodic oxygen reduction reaction and the concentration of dissolved oxygen into a unipolar response relationship. Used with a cathode can improve the aerobic performance of fuel cells. Appropriate aggregation of concentrated cathode micro-organisms can be further enhanced oxygen reduction kinetics.

As the microbial fuel cell operating conditions with a moderate resource-efficient and pollution-free, etc., has given rise to energy, environment, space and other concerns, the current micro-device has been applied to biochemical oxygen demand sensor cafe ‘. 〕. Through this improvement, greatly enhanced the performance of microbial fuel cells. With further in-depth study, which in sewage treatment as well as other aspects of the application will become an apple 15-inch powerbook g4 laptop battery.

I believe attention to the cause of the development of China Battery readers still remembers how, early in 2006 in a remarkable message: After careful trial, the Beijing High Court on the new Leader Battery Co., Ltd v. National Patent Reexamination Board to make a final ruling that the case: the trial decision error of fact, the appellant the new Leader’s main grounds of appeal set up to support his appeal request to revoke the first-instance ruling and the State Intellectual Property Office of Patent Reexamination Board’s decision to maintain the name “mercury-free alkaline New Zealand-shaped batteries” , Patent No. 01,234,722.1 the utility model patent valid. See the news readers sigh of relief, thinking that this means that in China, and the world the battery has an important significance in the history of mercury-free button the dust has settled patent ownership of China’s mercury-free battery development will move toward a virtuous development. However, the surprise is that this began in 2002, the final nail on the controversy over the end of 2005, but it is far from over, in the next four years, still in the endless continuity. 8 years, three lawsuits, two to reverse the verdict, but ultimately did not reach a conclusion, should have the benefit of all inventions, but until now hanging in the air, not only failed to bring to the enterprise in the interests of the imagination, but will be a drag the burden of its development, the desolate Jiaoren Nankeyimeng can not help but distraught. Why is a clear structure and determined that a clear, meaning an important inventions will lead to so many intertwined? What exactly has hidden behind this hidden secret that something? Mercury-free batteries is very important to mankind, because of mercury products, including the threat of mercury batteries inside the health of people around the world. It is reported that a New Zealand-style micro-mercury alkaline batteries can be contaminated water is 600,000 liters, equivalent to the amount of drinking water a person’s life. Although in 1995, the United States and Europe have issued a ban on the sale of mercury-containing batteries with the relevant provisions, clearly defined, alkaline zinc-manganese batteries can not be added mercury and mercury content of no more than 0.0005% of total cells, but because the world has no technology can produce mercury-free button batteries, button cells can only allow mercury content of no more than 2% of the total mass of the HP PAVILION DV9000 SERIES Battery. The export volume of China’s battery has been for several years accounted for more than half of the total international battery. Keeping with international standards, in 1997 the Chinese government issued “on the limitation provisions of mercury batteries” and other series of measures. China’s battery industry in a short span of two or three years, research on the adoption of technology to solve the mercury-free alkaline zinc-manganese batteries the issue. However, the face of ever-increasing amount of button batteries, the world without a corresponding solution. In other countries, more than a decade in Japan and the United States, Europe and other well-known battery manufacturers of mercury-free button cell mercury-free overtaken by a large number of studies. However, there are technical problems are not resolved, there is no one company can successfully produce mercury-free alkaline button batteries, resulting in the global market has been the use of mercury-containing alkaline button batteries. Button cell 1 billion each year by the production and use, so that China and the rest of the world people are still faced with the danger of mercury exposure. The battery industry finally came good news. Mercury-free button batteries after numerous failures, the new Leader Battery Co., Ltd was finally in 2000, the initial success. October 3, 2002, the new Leader for the “mercury-free alkaline button batteries” utility model patents successfully been authorized. In order to avoid patent issues encountered in overseas markets in the first time, the company again sync in the United States, Germany, Britain and other EU countries have applied for a number of the patent. As a long time in the world coin battery industry has been plagued by excessive mercury content, although many well-known companies before in the field research breakthroughs, but did not succeed. Therefore, the first one to eat crab new Lida was in the hands of the right to speak in this industry. In accordance with the then estimated that if the day of the production budget of only non-Ersanqianwan button cell, then a month’s output is 7-10 million. There is also a month’s output of more than billion yuan, the new company plans IPO Leader, developed into a million or more large enterprises. Clearly, this is a huge market. At home and abroad, production is not a new coin battery Lida an enterprise, while facing the new Leader of the invention, apart from the envy of some of our competitors, there is also a trace of worry: because the current New Leader has applied for a patent, it also mean that the only new Leader, or the right to possess the technology to master, then in accordance with regulations, and other competitors can only stay away from this piece of a broad market. In order to obtain this piece of the market, individual infringer, drilling the legal loophole, the use of patent reexamination system, make the patent invalid request, would like to eat the inventor of the patent free of charge. New Leader on the market soon found a large number of simulated mercury-free button batteries, and took away a lot of customers. Even stranger things yet to come. On the new Elite has not taken measures to safeguard their own legitimate rights, infringing enterprises blame to the national patent for a new Committee on Lida patent invalid request. Request to annul the new Leader of patents a company in Guangdong. Cylindrical type batteries that since as early as 90 years in China had realized the mercury-free technology, the new Leader of the button cell shape change though, but the principle has not changed is the battery able to think of the field of technical staff in general and to do technology. The new Leader of the patent is obviously not creative. An application declared the patent invalid. In order to give in is the new Leader in 2003, in March, infringing the company’s head has engaged the person in charge to meet the new Leader. Stress required to share the patent with the new Leader, otherwise the application for a patent invalid, to become public knowledge technology, which means that any one company can be involved in this market. “Your patent is an antique vase, this is very valuable antiques, you cooperate with me, free me half of the value of the antiques are still, you still have half, but if co-owned with my, I have the ability to play this antique broken, it is not worth a penny. ” Each other’s unreasonable demands and threats of new Lida was immediately refused, as the new Leader firmly believed that his inventions will be patent law should be protected. However, the result was unexpected. In May 2004, the State Intellectual Property Office, the Patent Reexamination Board with a new patented product Lida button cell structure and has no substantive difference between the structure and its mercury-free alkaline manganese COMPAQ BUSINESS NOTEBOOK NC4000 Battery technology and cylindrical similar as the basis, so out a declaration of “mercury-free alkaline button-shaped batteries” utility model patent is invalid decision. The outcome, the new Leader’s dissatisfied, then to the Beijing Municipal No. 1 Intermediate People’s Court proceedings, the Patent Reexamination Board to court. However, the Court of First Instance is still admissible criterion of the Patent Reexamination Board made a decision to maintain the patent invalid. Then again stress patent infringer of people have signed an exclusive patent license contract for free, such as signed by the infringer also have this patent, can guarantee that the patent valid, do not sign the formal null and void. Patentee refused, then hit the Beijing High Court lawsuit. After careful trial, December 20, 2005, the Beijing High Court made final: it removes the first-instance ruling and the State Intellectual Property Office of Patent Reexamination Board’s decision to maintain the name “mercury-free alkaline button-shaped batteries”, Patent No. bits of the utility model patent for the 123,456,722.1 effective. A dramatic scene appeared, in the High Court of Final Appeal ruling, the infringing party to launch a second invalid undo the action, but the applicant changed to the secretary of the company’s CEOs. So in the next three years, the new Leader had to repeat the previous process until August 22, 2008 the Beijing Municipal Higher People’s Court again rejected the Patent Reexamination Board, as well as a Beijing Intermediate People’s Court’s decision. China has an old saying called Shibuguosan. However, it appeared to be very persistent opponent. In 2008, the infringing party has repeatedly brought back to the Patent Reexamination Board invalid. Shocking in June this year, the Patent Reexamination Board to determine the third time the patent is invalid. Lida that the new mercury-free technology is the cell area of general and technical personnel in Japan, the technical basis of unsuccessful easy to think of technology, there is no creativity, now the new Leader has been to the Beijing Municipal Intermediate People’s Court proceedings. As a blank to fill in the world, to bring the Gospel to the world of environmental protection, giving Chinese companies opportunities invention, it has experienced eight years of marathon litigation. Year after year, the lawsuit should have not only failed to bring benefits to the inventor, but has become a burden at all times Jiaoren lazy. At the same time, in the endless litigation under the influence of the development of enterprises greatly damage. Due to the adverse effects of litigation, making the market a new image of Lida affected, more than 50% of orders have been infringed away, product prices fell more than 30%, resulting in the profit is very low. The new Leader of the dream do not know when the listing can be achieved. The competitors have a new Leader malicious invalid patents obtained in the course a lot of benefits, the business seems to have done in full swing. In an appearance of legitimacy from the patent is invalid case, we can not help but send questions: Who will protect the rights of the inventor? For this case, some experts believe that market competition is a double-edged sword, bringing vitality to the market at the same time, it also brings risks. Without the constraints of the disorderly competition will not only upset the market, and even the market will bring disaster. And because a number of legal measures, imperfect, leading some people have an opportunity infringement, in order to seek their own selfish desires at the expense of relationships and the use of means of coercion to eat the patentee’s patent, really daunting! Battery industry believe that the Chinese a leading global, the world’s major contribution to environmental protection SONY VGP-BPS9/B Battery is a patent can not be established to make the reasons for invalidation of the three-day decisions, leading to ownership of independent innovation of enterprises received only eight years, the patent is invalid Dabu Wan lawsuit, infringement, unless the long-term large-scale infringement, even more terrifying is the franchise you want to eat like triad means, so that one would have a bright future development of enterprises, the gradual loss of competitiveness. SIPO Patent Reexamination made by members of the three-day review of the decision null and void, you can act against each other with the Court, but not appropriate departments to monitor, and now there is corruption in society, culture, hope that the Central and the State Council leaders will pay attention to this innovation intellectual property rights have been three-day non-normal conditions is invalid, Save China’s own innovative enterprises.